Microbiology:

Microbiology can be defined as the biology of the microscopic organism or life too small to see the open eye.

Virus:

The virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism.
Examples: Influenza virus, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Rabies virus, Polio virus, Mumps virus, etc.

microbiology


Bacteria:

Bacteria is a single-called microorganism that can exist either as an independent (free-living) organism or as a parasite (dependent upon another organism for life).
Examples: Bacillus anthrax, Salmonella typhi, Clostridium tetani, etc.

Bacteria


Types of Bacteria:

Bacteria are two types:

  1. Gram-Positive Bacteria.  Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium, Nocardia, etc.

  1. Gram Negative Bacteria.  Examples: Escherichia Coli, Helicobacter, Cyanobacteria, etc.



Difference between Virus and Bacteria:

Virus:

  1. Ultra Microscopic
  1. Either DNA or RNA is present
  1. Cannot multiply outside of Host body
  1. All are harmful

  1. Causes Meales, Pox, Sneezing, Coughing, 

    AIDS, Influenza ect.



Bacteria:

  1. Larger in size compared with Virus
  1. Both DNA and RNA is present
  1. Can multiply inside or outside of Host body
  1. All are not harmful, some are beneficial

  1. Causes Pneumonia, Dysentery, Cholera,

    Tetanus ect.




Fungus:

A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.



Aerobic organism:

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.
Examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter Pylori, etc.



Anaerobic organism:

An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.
Examples: Staphylococcus, Escherichia Coli, Clostridium, etc.



Pyrogen:

Pyrogen is the metabolic product of microorganisms that are produced by Gram Positive, Gram Negative Bacteria, and Fungi.


Pyrogen test includes:

  • Rabbit test
  • LAL test



Antibody:

Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins. They are recruited by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.



Antigen:

The antigen is a molecule made of proteins, carbohydrates, or other polymers and is capable of producing an immune response in animal and cell cultures for the production of antibodies.



Antidote:

A drug that reduces the effect of ingested poisons. Example: Activated charcoal.



Sterilization:

Sterilization is the process by which all visible microorganisms including spores are killed or eliminated.


Five general methods are used for the sterilization of pharmaceutical products:

  1. Dry heat sterilization
  1. Moist heat sterilization
  1. Sterilization by filtration
  1. Gas sterilization
  1. Sterilization by ionizing radiation



Cross-Contamination:

Contamination of a starting material, intermediate material, or finished product with another starting material or product during production.



Preservatives:

Preservatives are a substance or a chemical that is added to products such as food, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples, cosmetics, wood, and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
Examples: Methyl/Propyl paraben, benzalkonium chloride, formaldehyde, phenol, etc.













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